Table 1 Characteristics of reviewed studies: prevalence, etiology, and laboratory diagnosis of viral meningitis in SSA, 1987–2024
From: Viral meningitis in Sub-Saharan Africa: trends in prevalence, etiologies, and diagnostic approaches
Author | Country | Year published | Prevalence % (n/N) | Etiologies | Lab diagnosis | Age group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Donald et al. [15] | South Africa | 1987 | 8.8(108/1223) | Not specified | viral culture | children /< 13 years |
Donald et al. [16] | South Africa | 1996 | 13.5(395/2920) | HEVs, Mumps, Coxsackie, Echovirus, VZV, CMV, Herpesvirus hominis (HVH) | viral culture | children /< 13 years |
Pelkonen et al. [19] | Angola | 2012 | 3(4/142) | HEVs, and Rhinovirus | CSF PCR | Children |
Kelly et al. [7] | Malawi | 2012 | 56.7(99/188) | HSV1, EBV, CMV | CSF PCR | Adults |
Pelkonen et al. [23] | Angola | 2013 | 26(10/38) | VZV, EBV, HHV7, HHV6A, HHV6B, CMV | PCR | Children |
Benjamin et al. [21] | Malawi | 2013 | 32(17/53) | HSV1, EBV, CMV | CSF PCR | Adults |
Mallewa et al. [22] | Malawi | 2013 | 26(133/513) | Adenovirus, CMV, HEV, HSV1, HHV6, Mumps, Rabies, EBV, Parvovirus, and HHV 7, and others | CSF PCR | Children/2 months-15 years |
Laman et al. [24] | Guinea | 2014 | 14(42/300) | HEV, HSV1, CMV, HHV6, HHV7, Dengue | nested PCR | Children/2 months − 10 years |
Thinyane et al. [6] | Lesotho | 2015 | 18(10/56) | negative for Gram stain, culture, and antigenic tests | lymphocyte predominance | Adults |
Khumalo et al. [19] | South Africa | 2017 | 32.2(94/292) | HEVs and Mumps | multiplex RT- PCR | Children/2 months-12 years |
Page et al. [25] | Uganda | 2017 | 5.9(27/459) | HHV6,VZV, Mumps, CMV, HEV | CSF PCR | Children/2 months-12 years |
Barnes et al. [18] | Ethiopia | 2018 | 5.6(12/213) | CMV, HEV, HSV1,HSV2, HHV6, Parechovirus, VZV | Multiplex PCR | All |
Adjei et al. [26] | Ghana | 2018 | 0(0/80) | HEVs, Mumps, HSV checked | Real-time PCR | Adults |
Kwambana et al. [4] | West Africa # | 2020 | 5.6(40/711) | Parvovirus19, Dengue, CMV, EBV, HEV, HHV6, Mumps | TaqMan Array Card/RT PCR | Children /<5 years |
Geteneh et al. [10] | Ethiopia | 2021 | 12.8(11/86) | HEV | conventional RT-PCR | All |
Wami et al. [11] | Ethiopia | 2021 | 26.7(39/146) | HEV | conventional RT-PCR | All |
Nkosi et al.[27] | South Africa | 2021 | 21.2(742/3497) | HEVs | CSF PCR | All |
Fourgeaud et al. [12] | Comoros | 2022 | 11.5(14/122) | HEV, and Parechovirus | CSF PCR | Children and adults |
Sudan | 2022 | 3.4(17/503) | HSV1, Non-polio HEV, HHV6 | CSF real-time PCR | Children /<15 years | |
Moleleki et al. [17] | South Africa | 2024 | 52(98/188) | EBV, HHV7, HSV1, HSV2, HEV | multiplex PCR | All |