Table 1 Dengue virus treatment methods

Cytokines

Important cytokines that play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of dengue include IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10—therapeutic goals: monitoring disease activity using composite indicators and delivering intravenous fluids based on symptomatology

[22]

IFN-α/β and γ receptor-deficient

IFN-α/β and γ receptor-deficient AG129 mice are more often employed for antiviral drug testing against DENV, even though they do not display severe dengue symptoms similar to those seen in people

[28]

dL-galactan hybrid C2S-3, carrageenan G3d, Caulerpa cupressoides, and Curdlan

Certain polysaccharide compounds derived from seaweeds, such as dL-galactan hybrid C2S-3, carrageenan G3d, Caulerpa cupressoides, and Curdlan, have shown antiviral activity against all infectious serotypes of DENV

[24]

Mosnodenvir (formerly JNJ-1802)

Mosnodenvir exhibits a high barrier to resistance, picomolar to low nanomolar in vitro antiviral activity, and robust in vivo efficacy in mice against infection with any of the four DENV serotypes

[25]

Naïve neutrophil

These phenotypically changed neutrophils exhibit diminished phagocytic capability and delayed apoptosis via the nuclear factor kappa B and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. The release of double-stranded DNA produced by DENV-2 was dramatically decreased when myeloperoxidase and PAD4 inhibitors were administered to neutrophils before DENV-2 incubation

[26]

Cepharanthine

When combined, cepharanthine selectively inhibits DENV infection during the early stages of viral replication and promotes the release of proinflammatory cytokines

[27]