Fig. 2

Life cycle of DENV. The virus may enter a cell and initiate the DENV replication cycle by binding to Fc receptors on the target host cell or other host cell receptors by the Fc portion of the virus-antibody immunological complex. DENV enters the cell by attaching itself to host cell receptors. During internalization, receptor-mediated endocytosis forms an early endosome. The uncoating of the DNA occurs when the pH inside the early endosome lowers. As a result of conformational changes, the nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm. The dissolution of the nucleocapsid enables viral RNA assembly in the cytoplasm. Viral RNA is translated and then translocates into the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), where it is broken down into a single polyprotein by both host and viral proteases. Additionally, as a result of a translation switch, antisense viral RNA is used to transcribe viral RNA. The nucleocapsid is formed when the capsid protein encases the freshly produced viral RNA. Viruses gather on the surface of the ER. When immature viral particles are exposed to furin protease in the trans-Golgi network, acidity induces conformational changes that result in the production of mature viral particles. When mature virus particles are exocytosed into the extracellular matrix, their replication cycle is complete [17]