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Table 1 Demographic characteristics, baseline comorbidities, and clinical symptoms of patients with ccCoV and influenza virus infections

From: Clinical symptoms, comorbidities and health outcomes among outpatients infected with the common cold coronaviruses versus influenza virus

Variables

ccCoV

Influenza

P valuea

N = 205 (%)

N = 417 (%)

Gender

  

0.498

 Male

88 (42.9)

191 (45.8)

 

 Female

117 (57.1)

226 (54.2)

 

Ethnicity

  

0.002*

 Malay

62 (30.2)

176 (42.2)

 

 Chinese

69 (33.7)

87 (20.9)

 

 Indian

69 (33.7)

136 (32.6)

 

 Others

5 (2.4)

18 (4.3)

 

Age, years, mean (range)

49.1 (11–81)

42.1 (7–91)

< 0.0001*

 0–18

5 (2.4)

38 (9.1)

 

 19–54

106 (51.7)

251 (60.2)

 

 ≥ 55

94 (45.9)

128 (30.7)

 

Presence of baseline comorbidities

  

0.522

 None

84 (41.0)

183 (43.9)

 

 Yes

120 (58.5)

234 (56.1)

 

Number of baseline comorbidities

  

0.838

 1

43 (35.8)

88 (37.6)

 

 2

40 (33.4)

70 (29.9)

 

 ≥ 3

37 (30.8)

76 (32.5)

 

Baseline comorbidities

   

 Hypertension

83 (40.5)

110 (26.4)

< 0.0001*

 Dyslipidemia

49 (23.9)

72 (17.3)

0.052

 Diabetes mellitus

37 (18.0)

85 (20.4)

0.521

 Ischemic heart disease

15 (7.3)

34 (8.2)

0.755

 Asthma

12 (5.9)

40 (9.6)

0.126

 Malignancy

7 (3.4)

20 (4.8)

0.532

 Allergic rhinitis

5 (2.4)

31 (7.4)

0.016*

 Other endocrine disease

5 (2.4)

10 (2.4)

1

 Chronic renal failure

3 (1.5)

7 (1.7)

1

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2 (1.0)

1 (0.2)

0.252

 Obesity

1 (0.5)

16 (3.8)

0.016*

 Autoimmune disease

0 (0)

12 (2.9)

0.011*

Smoking status

  

0.46

 Non-smoker

194 (94.6)

392 (94.0)

 

 Smoker

9 (4.4)

25 (6.0)

 

Clinical symptoms

   

 Fever

96 (46.8)

346 (83.0)

< 0.0001*

 Cough

176 (85.9)

353 (84.7)

0.116

 Sore throat

148 (72.2)

186 (44.6)

< 0.0001*

 Hoarseness of voice

138 (67.3)

16 (3.8)

< 0.0001*

 Nasal congestion

124 (60.5)

165 (39.6)

< 0.0001*

 Nasal discharge

174 (84.9)

246 (59.0)

< 0.0001*

 Sneezing

145 (70.7)

60 (14.4)

< 0.0001*

 Headache

116 (56.6)

41 (9.8)

< 0.0001*

 Myalgia

118 (57.6)

81 (19.4)

< 0.0001*

Total symptom severity scoreb

  

0.001*

 Mild

83 (40.5)

112 (26.9)

 

 Moderate

102 (49.8)

234 (56.1)

 

 Severe

20 (9.8)

71 (17.0)

 
  1. Abbreviations: ccCoV, common cold coronaviruses.
  2. aP value calculated from χ² test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate.
  3. b Self-reported symptoms severity for cough, sore throat, hoarseness of voice, nasal congestion, nasal discharge, sneezing, headache, and myalgia.
  4. * P < 0.05 is statistically significant.
  5. Unknown/missing data were removed from the analysis
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Virology Journal

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