Table 1 Bacteriophage as an antibacterial agent in dental diseases

ɸAPCM01 phage

S. mutans biofilm

This reduction persisted for a minimum of 48 h, and the number of viable cells within the biofilm decreased by a minimum of 5 log CFU/ml.

[53]

vB_SauM-EGAE3 and vB_EfaP-EGAE1

S. aureus and E. faecalis

Complete inhibition of bacterial growth was attained by incubating phages with MOIs of 10³, 10², and 10 at 37 °C for 1, 3, 5, and 24 h.

[37]

Phage BAG1

E. faecalis (K3)

The BAG1 phage was evidenced by the complete eradication of the K3 strain within 180 min during the killing test.

[51]

T4-like coliphage cocktail

Escherichia coli

Significant variation in the composition of fecal microbiota was also observed in 71 pediatric diarrhea patients who solely received oral rehydration therapy and in 38 patients who received coliphage preparations or placebo when their samples were collected 1.2 or 4 days apart, respectively.

[72]

Bacteriophage M102

S. mutans

Dental caries is caused by strains of S. mutans of serotype C, specifically targeted by the lytic phage Bacteriophage M102.

[54]

Bacteriophage 4KSM96

S. mutans

4KSM96 resulted in a significant decrease in the proportion of S. mutans in cocultures with other bacterial species.

[55]

ϔEf11/ŔFL1C(Δ36)PnisA

E. faecalis

For the JH2-2 infected models, the recovered E. faecalis titer was diminished by 18%, while for the V583 infected models, it was reduced by 99%.

[63]

Phage lysate

E. faecalis

Significant inhibition of bacterial growth was observed with phage lysate incubation at multiplicities of infection of 1.0, 10.0, and 0.1.

[20]

vB_ZEFP

E. faecalis

With plating efficiencies more significant 0.5, host range analysis revealed the phage could infect ten of thirteen E. faecalis isolates harboring a variety of antibiotic resistances recovered from infected root canals.

[65]

BD4 and JBD44a

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14

Applying these phages to PA14 biofilms resulted in a substantial decrease in the average biomass percentage after 24 h and 96 h.

[66]

vB_Efa29212_2e, and vB_Efa29212_3e

E. faecalis

A reduction of 54.6% in the E. faecalis biofilm in the ex vivo model confirmed the bacteriophage’s efficacy against the isolates.

[67]