Table 2 Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for COVID-19 infection according to exposure to UDCA
Exposure | Control (%) | COVID-19 (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-exposure to UDCA | 32,285 (87.2) | 32,955 (89.0) | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
 Exposure to UDCA | 4752 (12.8) | 4082 (11.0) | 0.84 (0.81–0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.76–0.85) | < 0.001 |
Cumulative defined daily dose (mg) | ||||||
 cDDD < 22.5 | 33,878 (91.5) | 34,274 (92.5) | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 22.5 ≤ cDDD < 67.5 | 1719 (4.6) | 1528 (4.2) | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | < 0.001 | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) | < 0.001 |
 cDDD ≥ 67.5 | 1440 (3.9) | 1235 (3.3) | 0.85 (0.79–0.92) | < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.77–0.90) | < 0.001 |
Cumulative exposure duration (days) | ||||||
 cED < 30 | 32,285 (87.2) | 32,955 (89.0) | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 30 ≤ cED < 90 | 1761 (4.7) | 1528 (4.1) | 0.85 (0.79–0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.75–0.87) | < 0.001 |
 cED ≥ 90 | 2991 (8.1) | 2554 (6.9) | 0.84 (0.79–0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.75–0.85) | < 0.001 |