Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects with chronic liver disease according to COVID-19 infection
Variables | Before PSM (n = 287863) | After PSM (n = 74074) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control (n = 239683) | COVID-19 (n = 48180) | Standardized mean differences | Control (n = 37037) | COVID-19 (n = 37037) | Standardized mean differences | |
Demographics | ||||||
Age (years) | 56.6 (13.6) | 56.6 (13.5) | 0.004 | 57.5 (13.9) | 57.5 (13.4) | 0.005 |
Sex (male, %) | 126,312 (52.7) | 25,544 (53.0) | 0.006 | 19,277 (52.1) | 19,277 (52.1) | 0.00 |
Income level | ||||||
 1st quintile | 4089 (1.7) | 800 (1.7) |  | 611 (1.6) | 603 (1.6) |  |
 2nd quintile | 47,912 (20.0) | 9726 (20.2) |  | 7568 (20.4) | 7591 (20.4) |  |
 3rd quintile | 50,749 (21.2) | 10,476 (21.7) |  | 8077 (21.8) | 8063 (21.8) |  |
 4th quintile | 60,524 (25.3) | 12,178 (25.3) |  | 9332 (25.2) | 9279 (25.1) |  |
 5th quintile | 76,409 (31.8) | 15,000 (31.1) |  | 11,449 (30.9) | 11,501 (31.1) |  |
COVID-19 vaccination | 232,074 (96.8) | 29,985 (62.2) | 0.95 | 29,846 (80.6) | 29,846 (80.6) | 0.00 |
Underlying diseases | ||||||
Hypertension | 123,125 (51.4) | 24,871 (51.6) | 0.005 | 19,647 (53.1) | 19,670 (53.1) | 0.001 |
Diabetes | 104,844 (43.7) | 21,992 (45.7) | 0.04 | 17,160 (46.3) | 17,143 (46.3) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 188,578 (78.7) | 37,432 (77.7) | 0.02 | 29,406 (79.4) | 29,323 (79.2) | 0.005 |
Chronic viral infection | 35,690 (14.9) | 7935 (16.5) | 0.04 | 5588 (15.1) | 5588 (15.1) | 0.00 |
Chronic liver disease | 226,346 (94.4) | 45,424 (94.3) | 0.007 | 35,058 (94.7) | 35,058 (94.7) | 0.00 |
Liver cirrhosis | 5808 (2.4) | 1136 (2.4) | 0.004 | 789 (2.1) | 789 (2.1) | 0.00 |
Charlson comorbidity index, % | 2.1 (1.9) | 2.3 (2.0) | 0.08 | 2.3 (2.0) | 2.3 (2.0) | 0.004 |
 0 | 43,172 (18.0) | 8196 (17.0) |  | 6019 (16.3) | 6045 (16.3) |  |
 1 | 64,467 (26.9) | 11,993 (24.9) |  | 9266 (25.0) | 9126 (24.7) |  |
 2 | 54,582 (22.8) | 10,866 (22.6) |  | 8417 (22.7) | 8417 (22.7) |  |
 3 | 77,462 (32.3) | 17,125 (35.5) |  | 13,335 (36.0) | 13,449 (36.3) |  |
Medication | ||||||
Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor | 1898 (0.8) | 368 (0.8) | 0.003 | 276 (0.8) | 293 (0.8) | 0.005 |
Angiotensin receptor blocker | 88,244 (36.8) | 30,432 (36.8) | < 0.001 | 14,159 (38.2) | 14,130 (38.2) | 0.002 |
Beta blocker | 33,208 (13.9) | 6602 (13.7) | 0.004 | 5347 (14.4) | 5241 (14.2) | 0.008 |
Calcium channel blocker | 69,015 (28.8) | 14,181 (29.4) | 0.01 | 11,256 (30.4) | 11,283 (30.5) | 0.002 |
Diuretics | 41,884 (17.5) | 8174 (17.0) | 0.01 | 6688 (18.1) | 6639 (17.9) | 0.004 |
Metformin | 49,675 (20.7) | 9934 (20.6) | 0.003 | 7958 (21.5) | 7883 (21.3) | 0.005 |
Sulfonylurea | 22,655 (9.5) | 4608 (9.6) | 0.004 | 3693 (10.0) | 3614 (9.8) | 0.007 |
Thiazolidinedione | 8131 (3.4) | 1643 (3.4) | < 0.001 | 1335 (3.6) | 1316 (3.6) | 0.003 |
DPP-4 inhibitor | 36,496 (15.2) | 7184 (14.9) | 0.009 | 5746 (15.5) | 5686 (15.4) | 0.005 |
SGLT2 inhibitor | 11,040 (4.6) | 2244 (4.7) | 0.002 | 1779 (4.8) | 1734 (4.7) | 0.006 |
GLP-1 agonist | 968 (0.4) | 197 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 144 (0.4) | 157 (0.4) | 0.006 |
Insulin | 3842 (1.6) | 775 (1.6) | < 0.001 | 611 (1.7) | 612 (1.7) | < 0.001 |
Statin | 122,936 (51.3) | 23,850 (49.5) | 0.04 | 19,150 (51.7) | 19,073 (51.5) | 0.004 |
Aspirin | 29,238 (12.2) | 5893 (12.2) | 0.001 | 4911 (13.3) | 4808 (13.0) | 0.008 |
Viral medication | 6927 (2.9) | 1181 (2.5) | 0.03 | 843 (2.3) | 843 (2.3) | 0.00 |
Biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate | 29,525 (12.3) | 6986 (14.5) | 0.06 | 4739 (12.8) | 4739 (12.8) | 0.00 |
Silymarin | 10,937 (4.6) | 2681 (5.6) | 0.05 | 1704 (4.6) | 1704 (4.6) | 0.00 |
Health screening | ||||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.0 (3.8) | 25.2 (3.8) | 0.06 | 25.1 (3.9) | 25.1 (3.7) | 0.008 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125.5 (14.6) | 125.5 (14.8) | 0.002 | 125.7 (14.8) | 125.7 (14.7) | 0.005 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.7 (10.0) | 76.8 (10.2) | 0.02 | 76.7 (10.0) | 76.7 (10.1) | 0.003 |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 107.3 (29.0) | 107.4 (29.3) | 0.003 | 107.5 (29.4) | 107.5 (28.9) | 0.001 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.3 (1.6) | 14.3 (1.5) | 0.004 | 14.2 (1.6) | 14.2 (1.5) | < 0.001 |
Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 88.4 (27.0) | 87.9 (25.8) | 0.02 | 87.7 (28.1) | 87.6 (25.3) | 0.005 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 32.0 (34.9) | 31.6 (26.5) | 0.01 | 31.3 (22.5) | 31.2 (23.5) | 0.004 |
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 32.9 (41.5) | 32.7 (35.0) | 0.007 | 32.0 (29.9) | 31.8 (30.9) | 0.005 |
r-glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L) | 41.2 (118.5) | 45.2 (68.2) | 0.02 | 43.8 (65.9) | 44.1 (64.1) | 0.004 |
Current smoker | 43,537 (18.2) | 6401 (13.3) | 0.13 | 4991 (13.5) | 5023 (13.6) | 0.002 |
Alcohol drinking | 81,761 (34.1) | 17,699 (36.7) | 0.05 | 12,866 (34.7) | 12,907 (34.9) | 0.002 |
Regular exercise | 113,609 (47.4) | 23,230 (48.2) | 0.02 | 17,794 (48.0) | 17,666 (47.7) | 0.007 |