Table 2 CECoV prevalence among dogs based on period, region, health status, housing type, gender, age, season, and breed
Subgroups | No. studies | Pooled estimate of CECoV (95%CI) | Heterogeneity: I2Â (p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|
Study period | |||
 1996–1996 | 1 | 0.19 [0.11, 0.27] | NA |
 2003–2004 | 2 | 0.68 [0.62, 0.74] | 0% (0.41) |
 2007–2008 | 2 | 0.31 [0.12, 0.51] | 97% (< 0.00001) |
 2010–2011 | 2 | 0.10 [-0.03, 0.23] | 94% (< 0.00001) |
 2013–2014 | 3 | 0.29 [0.15, 0.43] | 95% (< 0.00001) |
 2014–2015 | 2 | 0.30 [0.25, 0.35] | 0% (0.49) |
 2015–2016 | 2 | 0.41 [0.36, 0.45] | 0% (0.49) |
 2016–2017 | 1 | 0.45 [0.39, 0.50] | NA |
 2017–2018 | 1 | 0.40 [0.35, 0.46] | NA |
 2018–2019 | 5 | 0.20 [0.18, 0.23] | 0% (0.72) |
 2020–2021 | 5 | 0.26 [0.15, 0.38] | 94% (< 0.00001) |
 2021–2022 | 1 | 0.05 [0.04, 0.06] | NA |
Region | |||
 East China | 10 | 0.31[0.23, 0.39] | 99% (< 0.00001) |
 South China | 1 | 0.15[-0.01, 0.31] | NA |
 Northwest China | 2 | 0.21[-0.20, 0.61] | 98% (< 0.00001) |
 North China | 3 | 0.20[0.12, 0.28] | 77% (0.01) |
 Central China | 5 | 0.34[0.04, 0.65] | 99% (< 0.00001) |
 Southwest China | 7 | 0.44 [0.29, 0.58] | 97% (< 0.00001) |
 Northeast China | 5 | 0.34 [0.20, 0.47] | 97% (< 0.00001) |
Health Status | |||
 Health | 7 | 0.43[0.18, 0.68] | 98% (< 0.00001) |
 Illness | 25 | 0.30 [0.21, 0.38] | 99% (< 0.00001) |
Social housing type | |||
 Multi-dog | 6 | 0.53 [0.19, 0.87] | 99% (< 0.00001) |
 Single dog | 25 | 0.30 [0.22, 0.38] | 99% (< 0.00001) |
Social Housing & Health Status | |||
 Multi-dog & Health | 2 | 0.84 [0.78, 0.90] | 12% (0.29) |
 Multi-dog & Illness | 5 | 0.42 [0.09, 0.74] | 98% (< 0.00001) |
 Single dog & Health | 5 | 0.26 [0.12, 0.40] | 86% (< 0.00001) |
 Single dog & Illness | 25 | 0.30 [0.22, 0.38] | 99% (< 0.00001) |
Gender | |||
 Male | 5 | 0.31 [0.21, 0.41] | 84% (< 0.00001) |
 Female | 5 | 0.30 [0.21, 0.39] | 74% (0.004) |
Age | |||
 0–3 months | 8 | 0.52 [0.38, 0.67] | 93% (< 0.00001) |
 0–6 months | 1 | 0.50 [0.37, 0.63] | NA |
 2–7 months | 5 | 0.43 [0.18, 0.67] | 98% (< 0.00001) |
 2–12 months | 4 | 0.39 [0, 0.78] | 98% (< 0.00001) |
 6–12 months | 5 | 0.22 [0.09, 0.36] | 82% (0.0002) |
  > 12 months | 8 | 0.19 [0.11, 0.27] | 84% (< 0.00001) |
Season | |||
 Spring | 4 | 0.27 [0.09, 0.45] | 97% (< 0.00001) |
 Summer | 4 | 0.19[0.01, 0.37] | 97% (< 0.00001) |
 Autumn | 4 | 0.24 [0.07, 0.41] | 93% (< 0.00001) |
 Winter | 4 | 0.24 [0.09, 0.40] | 93% (< 0.00001) |
Breed | |||
 Large breed | 3 | 0.48 [0.12, 0.84] | 98% (< 0.00001) |
 Medium breed | 2 | 0.31 [0.14, 0.48] | 90% (0.002) |
 Small breed | 2 | 0.30 [0.08, 0.53] | 96% (< 0.00001) |
 Mongrel dog | 3 | 0.22 [0.03, 0.40] | 96% (< 0.00001) |