Fig. 2
From: The potential use of therapeutics and prophylactic mRNA vaccines in human papillomavirus (HPV)
mRNA vaccines have dual impacts on immune activation. mRNA vaccines elicit adaptive as well as innate immunity. Antigen-presenting cells detect endocytosis of exogenous mRNA by TLR3 and TLR7/8 in the endosomes and RIG-1, NOD2, LGP2, and MDA-5 in the cytosol. This triggers robust IFN-I responses, which stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and ultimately activate innate immunity (left). To activate CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, which aid in triggering adaptive immunity, peptides transcribed by re-endocytosed mRNA are displayed on MHC-I or MHC-II molecules (right). The release of proteins encoded by mRNA activates B cells [20, 107]