Table 2 Inpatient management by consecutive epidemic waves

Intensive care unit admission

225 (31.2%)

48 (26.5%)

115 (33.1%)

62 (32.0%)

0.285

Oxygen therapy (nasal prongs or mask)

601 (83.2%)

158 (87.3%)

282 (81.3%)

161 (83.0%)

0.112

Non-invasive ventilation (including high-flow oxygen therapy)

156 (21.6%)

23 (12.7%)

76 (21.9%)

57 (29.4%)

< 0.001

 non-ICU

30 (4.1%)

2 (1.1%)

10 (2.9%)

18 (9.3%)

 ICU

126 (21.6%)

21 (11.6%)

66 (19.0%)

39 (20.1%)

Invasive ventilation

165 (22.9%)

42 (23.2%)

75 (21.6%)

48 (24.7%)

0.780

 Prone ventilation

95 (13.2%)

22 (12.2%)

37 (10.7%)

36 (18.6%)

0.035

 Tracheostomy

59 (8.2%)

11 (6.1%)

27 (7.8%)

21 (10.8%)

0.242

Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation

33 (4.6%)

5 (2.8%)

12 (3.5%)

16 (8.2%)

0.025

Renal replacement therapy

31 (4.3%)

8 (4.4%)

16 (4.6%)

7 (3.6%)

0.844

Hydroxychloroquine

140 (19.4%)

140 (77.3%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

< 0.001

Remdesivir

18 (2.5%)

0 (0.0%)

18 (5.2%)

0 (0.0%)

< 0.001

Corticosteroids

394 (54.6%)

39 (21.5%)

224 (64.6%)

131 (67.5%)

< 0.001

 > 1 course

57 (7.9%)

0 (0.0%)

24 (6.9%)

33 (17.0%)

< 0.001

Antibiotic start at hospital admission

303 (42.0%)

102 (56.4%)

131 (37.8%)

70 (36.1%)

< 0.001

Antifungals

69 (9.6%)

12 (6.6%)

33 (9.5%)

24 (12.4%)

0.425

Immunomodulators for COVID-19

13 (1.8%)

1 (0.6%)

12 (3.5%)

0 (0.0%)

0.020

COVID-19 convalescent plasma

5 (0.7%)

0 (0.0%)

3 (0.9%)

2 (1.0%)

0.418

Antibiotic use in non-transferred patients

All patients

(N = 604)

First wave

(N = 171)

Second wave

(N = 280)

Third wave

(N = 153)

p

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Antibiotic start at hospital admission

238 (39.4%)

94 (55.0%)

100 (35.7%)

44 (28.8%)

< 0.001

Product

0.027

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid

190 (79.8%)

69 (73.4%)

86 (86.0%)

35 (79.5%)

Piperacillin-tazobactam

22 (9.2%)

12 (12.8%)

3 (3.0%)

7 (15.9%)

Other

26 (10.9%)

13 (13.8%)

11 (11.0%)

2 (4.5%)